Chapter #11 Solutions- Allan Weiss - Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in Java - 3rd Edition

11.1 When do M consecutive insertions into a binomial queue take less than 2M time units? - Get solution

11.2 Suppose a binomial queue of N = 2k − 1 elements is built. Alternately perform M insert and deleteMin pairs. Clearly, each operation takes O(logN) time. Why does this not contradict the amortized bound of O(1) for insertion? - Get solution

11.3 Show that the amortized bound of O(logN) for the skew heap operations described in the text cannot be converted to a worst-case bound, by giving a sequence of operations that lead to a merge requiring (N) time. - Get solution

11.4 Show how to merge two skew heaps with one top-down pass and reduce the merge cost to O(1) amortized time. - Get solution

11.5 Extend skew heaps to support the decreaseKey operation in O(logN) amortized time. - Get solution

11.6 Implement Fibonacci heaps and compare their performance with that of binary heaps when used in Dijkstra’s algorithm. - Get solution


11.7 A standard implementation of Fibonacci heaps requires four links per node (parent, child, and two siblings). Show how to reduce the number of links, at the cost of at most a constant factor in the running time. - Get solution

11.8 Show that the amortized time of a zig-zig splay is at most 3(Rf (X) − Ri(X)). - Get solution

11.9 By changing the potential function, it is possible to prove different bounds for splaying. Let the weight function W(i) be some function assigned to each node in the tree, and let S(i) be the sum of the weights of all the nodes in the subtree rooted at i, including i itself. The special case W(i) = 1 for all nodes corresponds to the function used in the proof of the splaying bound. Let N be the number of
nodes in the tree, and let M be the number of accesses. Prove the following two theorems:
a. The total access time is O(M + (M + N) logN).
b. If qi is the number of times that item i is accessed, and qi > 0 for all i, then the
total access time is

Get solution

11.10 a. Show how to implement the merge operation on splay trees so that any sequence of N−1 merges starting from N single-element trees takes O(N log2 N) time.
b. Improve the bound to O(N logN). - Get solution

11.11 In Chapter 5, we described rehashing: When a table becomes more than half full,a new table twice as large is constructed, and the entire old table is rehashed. Give a formal amortized analysis, with potential function, to show that the amortized cost of an insertion is still O(1). - Get solution

11.12 What is the maximum depth of a Fibonacci heap? - Get solution

11.13 A deque with heap order is a data structure consisting of a list of items, on which
the following operations are possible:
push(x): Insert item x on the front end of the deque.
pop(): Remove the front item from the deque and return it.
inject(x): Insert item x on the rear end of the deque.
eject(): Remove the rear item from the deque and return it.
findMin(): Return the smallest item from the deque (breaking ties arbitrarily).
a. Describe how to support these operations in constant amortized time per
operation.
b. Describe how to support these operations in constant worst-case time per
operation. - Get solution

11.14 Show that the binomial queues actually support merging in O(1) amortized time. Define the potential of a binomial queue to be the number of trees plus the rank of the largest tree. - Get solution

11.15 Suppose that in an attempt to save time, we splay on every second tree operation.
Does the amortized cost remain logarithmic? - Get solution

11.16 Using the potential function in the proof of the splay tree bound, what is the maximum and minimum potential of a splay tree? By how much can the potential function decrease in one splay? By how much can the potential function increase in one splay? You may give Big-Oh answers. - Get solution

11.17 As a result of a splay, most of the nodes on the access path are moved halfway towards the root, while a couple of nodes on the path move down one level. This suggests using the sum over all nodes of the logarithm of each node’s depth as a potential function.
a. What is the maximum value of the potential function?
b. What is the minimum value of the potential function?
c. The difference in the answers to parts (a) and (b) gives some indication that this potential function isn’t too good. Show that a splaying operation could increase the potential by (N/ logN). - Get solution

Chapter #10 Solutions- Allan Weiss - Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in Java - 3rd Edition

Available Solutions for the following Chapter 10 exercises:

10.1 Show that the greedy algorithm to minimize the mean completion time for
multiprocessor job scheduling works. - Get solution

10.3 A file contains only colons, spaces, newlines, commas, and digits in the following
frequency: colon (100), space (605), newline (100), comma (705), 0 (431),
1 (242), 2 (176), 3 (59), 4 (185), 5 (250), 6 (174), 7 (199), 8 (205), 9 (217).
Construct the Huffman code. . - Get solution

10.4 Part of the encoded file must be a header indicating the Huffman code. Give
a method for constructing the header of size at most O(N) (in addition to the
symbols), where N is the number of symbols.. - Get solution

10.5 Complete the proof that Huffman’s algorithm generates an optimal prefix code.. - Get solution

10.6 Show that if the symbols are sorted by frequency, Huffman’s algorithm can be implemented in linear time. . - Get solution

10.10 Explain how to implement first fit and best fit in O(N logN) time.. - Get solution

10.11 Show the operation of all the bin-packing strategies discussed in Section 10.1.3 on the input 0.42, 0.25, 0.27, 0.07, 0.72, 0.86, 0.09, 0.44, 0.50, 0.68, 0.73, 0.31,0.78, 0.17, 0.79, 0.37, 0.73, 0.23, 0.30. . - Get solution

10.13 Prove Theorem 10.7. . - Get solution

10.14 Prove Theorem 10.8.. - Get solution

10.15 N points are placed in a unit square. Show that the distance between the closest pair is O(N−1/2). . - Get solution

10.16 Argue that for the closest-points algorithm, the average number of points in the strip is O(√ N). (Hint: Use the result of the previous exercise.). - Get solution

10.18 What is the asymptotic running time of quickselect, using a median-of-medianof-three partitioning strategy? . - Get solution

10.19 Show that quickselect with median-of-median-of-seven partitioning is linear.Why is median-of-median-of-seven partitioning not used in the proof? . - Get solution

10.22 Complete the analysis of the sampling algorithm described at the end of Section 10.2.3, and explain how the values of δ and s are chosen. . - Get solution


10.23 Show how the recursive multiplication algorithm computes XY, where X = 1234 and Y = 4321. Include all recursive computations.. - Get solution

10.24 Show how to multiply two complex numbers X = a + bi and Y = c + di using
only three multiplications. . - Get solution

10.25 a. Show that
XLYR + XRYL = (XL + XR)(YL + YR) − XLYL − XRYR
b. This gives an O(N1.59) algorithm to multiply N-bit numbers. Compare this
method to the solution in the text. . - Get solution


10.27 Why is it important that Strassen’s algorithm does not use commutativity in the
multiplication of 2 × 2 matrices? . - Get solution


10.28 Two 70×70 matrices can be multiplied using 143,640 multiplications. Show how
this can be used to improve the bound given by Strassen’s algorithm. . - Get solution

10.29 What is the optimal way to compute A1A2A3A4A5A6, where the dimensions of
the matrices are A1 : 10 × 20, A2 : 20 × 1, A3 : 1 × 40, A4 : 40 × 5, A5 : 5 × 30,
A6: 30 × 15? . - Get solution

10.30 Show that none of the following greedy algorithms for chained matrix multiplication
work. At each step
a. Compute the cheapest multiplication.
b. Compute the most expensive multiplication.
c. Compute the multiplication between the two matrices Mi and Mi+1, such that
the number of columns in Mi is minimized (breaking ties by one of the rules
above). . - Get solution

10.32 Show the optimal binary search tree for the following words, where the frequency
of occurrence is in parentheses: a (0.18), and (0.19), I (0.23), it (0.21), or (0.19). - Get solution

. - Get solution

10.35 Write a routine to reconstruct the shortest paths from the algorithm in Section 10.3.4. . - Get solution

10.39 Figure 10.75 shows a routine to flip a coin, assuming that random returns an integer (which is prevalent in many systems). What is the expected performance of the skip list algorithms if the random number generator uses a modulus of the form M = 2B (which is unfortunately prevalent on many systems)? . - Get solution

10.40 a. Use the exponentiation algorithm to prove that 2340 ≡ 1 (mod 341).
b. Show how the randomized primality test works for N = 561 with several choices of A. . - Get solution

10.42 Two point sets are homometric if they yield the same distance set and are not rotations of each other. The following distance set gives two distinct point sets:
{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17 }. Find the two point sets.. - Get solution

10.43 Extend the reconstruction algorithm to find all homometric point sets given a distance set. . - Get solution

10.44 Show the result of α–β pruning of the tree in Figure 10.76. . - Get solution

10.47 The one-dimensional circle packing problem is as follows: You have N circles of radii r1, r2, . . . , rN. These circles are packed in a box such that each circle is tangent to the bottom of the box and are arranged in the original order. The problem is to find the width of the minimum-sized box. Figure 10.77 shows an example with circles of radii 2, 1, 2 respectively. The minimum-sized box has width
4 + 4√ 2. . - Get solution

10.48 Suppose that the edges in an undirected graph G satisfy the triangle inequality:
cu,v + cv,w ≥ cu,w. Show how to compute a traveling salesman tour of cost at most twice optimal. (Hint: Construct a minimum spanning tree.). - Get solution

10.49 You are a tournament director and need to arrange a round robin tournament among N = 2k players. In this tournament, everyone plays exactly one game each day; after N − 1 days, a match has occurred between every pair of players. Give a recursive algorithm to do this. . - Get solution

10.50 a. Prove that in a round robin tournament it is always possible to arrange the players in an order pi1 , pi2 , . . . , piN such that for all 1 ≤ j < N, pij has won the match against pij+1 .
b. Give an O(N logN) algorithm to find one such arrangement. Your algorithm
may serve as a proof for part (a). . - Get solution

10.52 A convex polygon is a polygon with the property that any line segment whose endpoints are on the polygon lies entirely within the polygon. The convex hull

 problem consists of finding the smallest (area) convex polygon that encloses a set of points in the plane. Figure 10.79 shows the convex hull for a set of 40 points. Give an O(N logN) algorithm to find the convex hull. . - Get solution

10.53 Consider the problem of right-justifying a paragraph. The paragraph contains a sequence of words w1, w2, . . . , wN of length a1, a2, . . . , aN, which we wish to break into lines of length L. Words are separated by blanks whose ideal length is b (millimeters), but blanks can stretch or shrink as necessary (but must be >0), so that a line wiwi+1 . . . wj has length exactly L. However, for each blank b we charge |b − b| ugliness points. The exception to this is the last line, for which we charge only if b < b (in other words, we charge only for shrinking), since the last line does not need to be justified. Thus, if bi is the length of the blank between ai and ai+1, then the ugliness of setting any line (but the last) wiwi+1 . . . wj for j > i is
j−1
k=i
|bk − b| = (j − i)|b − b|, where b is the average size of a blank on this line.
This is true of the last line only if b < b, otherwise the last line is not ugly at all.

 

a. Give a dynamic programming algorithm to find the least ugly setting of w1, w2, . . . , wN into lines of length L. (Hint: For i = N, N − 1, . . . , 1, compute the best way to set wi, wi+1, . . . , wN.)
b. Give the time and space complexities for your algorithm (as a function of the number of words, N).
c. Consider the special case where we are using a fixed-width font, and assume the optimal value of b is 1 (space). In this case, no shrinking of blanks is allowed, since the next smallest blank space would be 0. Give a linear-time algorithm to generate the least ugly setting for this case. . - Get solution

10.54 The longest increasing subsequence problem is as follows: Given numbers a1, a2, . . . , aN, find the maximum value of k such that ai1 < ai2 < · · · < aik, and i1 < i2 < · · · < ik. As an example, if the input is 3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6, 5, the maximum increasing subsequence has length four (1, 4, 5, 9 among others). Give an O(N2) algorithm to solve the longest increasing subsequence problem. . - Get solution

10.55 The longest common subsequence problem is as follows: Given two sequences A = a1, a2, . . . , aM, and B = b1, b2, . . . , bN, find the length, k, of the longest sequence C = c1, c2, . . . , ck such that C is a subsequence (not necessarily continguous) of both A and B. As an example, if A = d,y,n,a,m,i,c
and B = p,r,o,g,r,a,m,m,i,n,g, then the longest common subsequence is a,m,i and has length 3. Give an algorithm to solve the longest common subsequence problem. Your algorithm should run in O(MN) time. . - Get solution

10.57 One form of the knapsack problem is as follows: We are given a set of integers A = a1, a2, . . . , aN and an integer K. Is there a subset of A whose sum is exactly K?
a. Give an algorithm that solves the knapsack problem in O(NK) time.
b. Why does this not show that P = NP? . - Get solution


10.58 You are given a currency system with coins of (decreasing) value c1, c2, . . . , cN cents.
a. Give an algorithm that computes the minimum number of coins required to give K cents in change.
b. Give an algorithm that computes the number of different ways to give K cents in change. . - Get solution

10.59 Consider the problem of placing eight queens on an (eight-by-eight) chess board.
Two queens are said to attack each other if they are on the same row, column, or
(not necessarily main) diagonal.
a. Give a randomized algorithm to place eight nonattacking queens on the board.
b. Give a backtracking algorithm to solve the same problem.
c. Implement both algorithms and compare the running time. . - Get solution

a. Why does this algorithm not work for general graphs?
b. Prove that this algorithm terminates for acyclic graphs.
c. What is the worst-case running time of the algorithm? . - Get solution

10.62 Let A be an N-by-N matrix of zeros and ones. A submatrix S of A is any group of contiguous entries that forms a square.
a. Design an O(N2) algorithm that determines the size of the largest submatrix of ones in A. For instance, in the matrix that follows, the largest submatrix is a
4-by-4 square.
10111000
00010100
00111000
00111010
00111111
01011110
01011110
00011110
b. Repeat part (a) if S is allowed to be a rectangle instead of a square. Largest is measured by area.

10.67 Othello played on a 6-by-6 board is a forced win for black. Prove this by writing
a program. What is the final score if play on both sides is optimal? . - Get solution

Chapter #9 Solutions- Allan Weiss - Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in Java - 3rd Edition

Available Solutions for the following Chapter 9 exercises:

 

9.4 An adjacency matrix requires O(|V|2) merely to initialize using a standard double loop. Propose a method that stores a graph in an adjacency matrix (so that testing for the existence of an edge is O(1)) but avoids the quadratic running time. - Get solution

9.5 a. Find the shortest path from A to all other vertices for the graph in Figure 9.82.
b. Find the shortest unweighted path from B to all other vertices for the graph in Figure 9.82. - Get solution

9.6 What is the worst-case running time of Dijkstra’s algorithm when implemented with d-heaps (Section 6.5)? - Get solution

9.7 a. Give an example where Dijkstra’s algorithm gives the wrong answer in the presence of a negative edge but no negative-cost cycle.
b. Show that the weighted shortest-path algorithm suggested in Section 9.3.3 works if there are negative-weight edges, but no negative-cost cycles, and that the running time of this algorithm is O(|E| · |V|). - Get solution

9.8 Suppose all the edge weights in a graph are integers between 1 and |E|. How fast can Dijkstra’s algorithm be implemented? - Get solution

9.10 a. Explain how to modify Dijkstra’s algorithm to produce a count of the number of different minimum paths from v to w.
b. Explain how to modify Dijkstra’s algorithm so that if there is more than one
minimum path from v to w, a path with the fewest number of edges is chosen. - Get solution

9.11 Find the maximum flow in the network of Figure 9.81. - Get solution

9.12 Suppose that G = (V, E) is a tree, s is the root, and we add a vertex t and edgesof infinite capacity from all leaves in G to t. Give a linear-time algorithm to find a maximum flow from s to t. - Get solution

9.13 A bipartite graph, G = (V, E), is a graph such that V can be partitioned into two subsets V1 and V2 and no edge has both its vertices in the same subset.
a. Give a linear algorithm to determine whether a graph is bipartite.
b. The bipartite matching problem is to find the largest subset E of E such that no vertex is included in more than one edge. A matching of four edges (indicated by dashed edges) is shown in Figure 9.83. There is a matching of five edges, which is maximum.
Show how the bipartite matching problem can be used to solve the following problem:
We have a set of instructors, a set of courses, and a list of courses that each instructor is qualified to teach. If no instructor is required to teach more than one course, and only one instructor may teach a given course, what is the maximum number of courses that can be offered?
c. Show that the network flow problem can be used to solve the bipartite matching
problem.
d. What is the time complexity of your solution to part (b)? - Get solution

9.14 a. Give an algorithm to find an augmenting path that permits the maximum flow.
b. Let f be the amount of flow remaining in the residual graph. Show that the
augmenting path produced by the algorithm in part (a) admits a path of capacity f/|E|.
c. Show that after |E| consecutive iterations, the total flow remaining in the residual graph is reduced from f to at most f /e, where e ≈ 2.71828.
d. Show that |E| ln f iterations suffice to produce the maximum flow. - Get solution

9.15 a. Find a minimum spanning tree for the graph in Figure 9.84 using both Prim’s and Kruskal’s algorithms.

b. Is this minimum spanning tree unique? Why? - Get solution

9.16 Does either Prim’s or Kruskal’s algorithm work if there are negative edge weights? - Get solution


9.17 Show that a graph of V vertices can have VV−2 minimum spanning trees. - Get solution

9.19 If all the edges in a graph have weights between 1 and |E|, how fast can the minimum spanning tree be computed? - Get solution

9.20 Give an algorithm to find a maximum spanning tree. Is this harder than finding a minimum spanning tree? - Get solution

9.21 Find all the articulation points in the graph in Figure 9.85. Show the depth-first spanning tree and the values of Num and Low for each vertex. - Get solution

9.22 Prove that the algorithm to find articulation points works. - Get solution

9.23 a. Give an algorithm to find the minimum number of edges that need to be removed from an undirected graph so that the resulting graph is acyclic.
b. Show that this problem is NP-complete for directed graphs. - Get solution

9.24 Prove that in a depth-first spanning forest of a directed graph, all cross edges go from right to left. - Get solution

9.25 Give an algorithm to decide whether an edge (v, w) in a depth-first spanning forest of a directed graph is a tree, back, cross, or forward edge. - Get solution

9.26 Find the strongly connected components in the graph of Figure 9.86. - Get solution

9.28 Give an algorithm that finds the strongly connected components in only one depthfirst search. Use an algorithm similar to the biconnectivity algorithm. - Get solution

9.29 The biconnected components of a graph G is a partition of the edges into sets such that the graph formed by each set of edges is biconnected. Modify the algorithm in Figure 9.69 to find the  biconnected components instead of the articulation points. - Get solution

9.30 Suppose we perform a breadth-first search of an undirected graph and build a breadth-first  spanning tree. Show that all edges in the tree are either tree edges or cross edges. - Get solution

9.31 Give an algorithm to find in an undirected (connected) graph a path that goes through every edge exactly once in each direction. - Get solution


9.33 An Euler circuit in a directed graph is a cycle in which every edge is visited exactly once.
a. Prove that a directed graph has an Euler circuit if and only if it is strongly connected and every vertex has equal indegree and outdegree.
b. Give a linear-time algorithm to find an Euler circuit in a directed graph where one exists. - Get solution

9.34 a. Consider the following solution to the Euler circuit problem: Assume that the graph is biconnected. Perform a depth-first search, taking back edges only as a last resort. If the graph is not biconnected, apply the algorithm recursively on the biconnected components. Does this algorithm work?
b. Suppose that when taking back edges, we take the back edge to the nearest ancestor. Does the algorithm work? - Get solution

9.35 A planar graph is a graph that can be drawn in a plane without any two edges intersecting.
a. Show that neither of the graphs in Figure 9.87 is planar.
b. Show that in a planar graph, there must exist some vertex which is connected to no more than five nodes.
c. Show that in a planar graph, |E| ≤ 3|V| − 6. - Get solution

9.36 A multigraph is a graph in which multiple edges are allowed between pairs of vertices. Which of the algorithms in this chapter work without modification for multigraphs? What modifications need to be done for the others? - Get solution

9.37 Let G = (V, E) be an undirected graph. Use depth-first search to design a linear algorithm to convert each edge in G to a directed edge such that the resulting graph is strongly connected, or determine that this is not possible. - Get solution

9.38 You are given a set of N sticks, which are lying on top of each other in some configuration.
Each stick is specified by its two endpoints; each endpoint is an ordered triple giving its x, y, and z coordinates; no stick is vertical. A stick may be picked up only if there is no stick on top of it.
a. Explain how to write a routine that takes two sticks a and b and reports whether a is above, below, or unrelated to b. (This has nothing to do with graph theory.)
b. Give an algorithm that determines whether it is possible to pick up all the sticks, and if so, provides a sequence of stick pickups that accomplishes this. - Get solution

9.39 A graph is k-colorable if each vertex can be given one of k colors, and no edge connects identically colored vertices. Give a linear-time algorithm to test a graph for two-colorability. Assume graphs are stored in adjacency list format; you must specify any additional data structures that are needed. - Get solution

9.40 Give a polynomial-time algorithm that finds V/2 vertices that collectively cover at least three-fourths (3/4) of the edges in an arbitrary undirected graph. - Get solution

9.41 Show how to modify the topological sort algorithm so that if the graph is not acyclic, the algorithm will print out some cycle. You may not use depth-first search. - Get solution


9.42 Let G be a directed graph with N vertices. A vertex s is called a sink if, for every v in V such that s = v, there is an edge (v, s), and there are no edges of the form (s, v). Give an O(N) algorithm to determine whether or not G has a sink, assuming that G is given by its N × N adjacency matrix. - Get solution

9.43 When a vertex and its incident edges are removed from a tree, a collection of subtrees remains. Give a linear-time algorithm that finds a vertex whose removal from an N vertex tree leaves no  subtree with more than N/2 vertices. - Get solution

9.44 Give a linear-time algorithm to determine the longest unweighted path in an acyclic undirected graph (that is, a tree). - Get solution

9.45 Consider an N-by-N grid in which some squares are occupied by black circles. Two squares belong to the same group if they share a common edge. In Figure 9.88, there is one group of four occupied squares, three groups of two occupied squares, and two individual occupied squares. Assume that the grid is represented by a two-dimensional array. Write a program that does the following:
a. Computes the size of a group when a square in the group is given.
b. Computes the number of different groups.
c. Lists all groups. - Get solution

9.46 Section 8.7 described the generating of mazes. Suppose we want to output the path in the maze. Assume that the maze is represented as a matrix; each cell in the matrix stores information about what walls are present (or absent).
a. Write a program that computes enough information to output a path in the maze. Give output in the form SEN... (representing go south, then east, then north, etc.).
b. Write a program that draws the maze and, at the press of a button, draws the path. -

Solution clue: This is a single source unweighted shortest path problem.


9.47 Suppose that walls in the maze can be knocked down, with a penalty of P squares.
P is specified as a parameter to the algorithm. (If the penalty is 0, then the problem is trivial.) Describe an algorithm to solve this version of the problem. What is the running time of your algorithm? - Get solution

9.48 Suppose that the maze may or may not have a solution.
a. Describe a linear-time algorithm that determines the minimum number of walls that need to be knocked down to create a solution. (Hint: Use a double-ended queue.)
b. Describe an algorithm (not necessarily linear-time) that finds a shortest path after knocking down the minimum number of walls. Note that the solution to part
(a) would give no information about which walls would be the best to knock down. (Hint: Use Exercise 9.47.) - Get solution

9.49 Write a program to compute word ladders where single-character substitutions have a cost of 1, and single-character additions or deletions have a cost of p > 0, specified by the user. As mentioned at the end of Section 9.3.6, this is essentially a weighted shortest-path problem.
Explain how each of the following problems (Exercises 9.50–9.53) can be solved by applying a
shortest-path algorithm. Then design a mechanism for representing an input, and write a program
that solves the problem. - Get solution

9.50 The input is a list of league game scores (and there are no ties). If all teams have at least one win and a loss, we can generally prove, by a silly transitivity argument, that any team is better than any other. For instance, in the six-team league where everyone plays three games, suppose we have the following results: A beat B and C; B beat C and F; C beat D; D beat E; E beat A; F beat D and E. Then we can prove that A is better than F, because A beat B, who in turn beat F. Similarly, we can prove that F is better than A because F beat E and E beat A. Given a list of game scores and two teams X and Y, either find a proof (if one exists) that X is better than Y, or indicate that no proof of this form can be found. - Get solution

9.51 The input is a collection of currencies and their exchange rates. Is there a sequence of exchanges that makes money instantly? For instance, if the currencies are X, Y, and Z and the exchange rate is 1 X equals 2 Ys, 1 Y equals 2 Zs, and 1 X equals 3 Zs, then 300 Zs will buy 100 Xs, which in turn will buy 200 Ys, which in turn will buy 400 Zs. We have thus made a profit of 33 percent. - Get solution

9.52 A student needs to take a certain number of courses to graduate, and these courses have prerequisites that must be followed. Assume that all courses are offered every semester and that the student can take an unlimited number of courses. Given a list of courses and their prerequisites, compute a schedule that requires the minimum number of semesters. - Get solution

9.53 The object of the Kevin Bacon Game is to link a movie actor to Kevin Bacon via shared movie roles. The minimum number of links is an actor’s Bacon number. For instance, Tom Hanks has a Bacon number of 1; he was in Apollo 13 with Kevin Bacon. Sally Field has a Bacon number of 2, because she was in Forrest Gump with Tom Hanks, who was in Apollo 13 with Kevin Bacon. Almost all well-known actors have a Bacon number of 1 or 2. Assume that you have a comprehensive list of
actors, with roles,3 and do the following:
a. Explain how to find an actor’s Bacon number.
b. Explain how to find the actor with the highest Bacon number.
c. Explain how to find the minimum number of links between two arbitrary actors. - Get solution

9.54 The clique problem can be stated as follows: Given an undirected graph G = (V, E) and an  integer K, does G contain a complete subgraph of at least K vertices?
The vertex cover problem can be stated as follows: Given an undirected graph G = (V, E) and an integer K, does G contain a subset V ⊂ V such that |V | ≤ K and every edge in G has a vertex in V ? Show that the clique problem is polynomially reducible to vertex cover. - Get solution

9.55 Assume that the Hamiltonian cycle problem is NP-complete for undirected graphs.
a. Prove that the Hamiltonian cycle problem is NP-complete for directed graphs.
b. Prove that the unweighted simple longest-path problem is NP-complete for directed graphs. - Get solution

9.56 The baseball card collector problem is as follows: Given packets P1, P2, . . . , PM, each
of which contains a subset of the year’s baseball cards, and an integer K, is it possible to collect all the baseball cards by choosing ≤ K packets? Show that the baseball card collector problem is NP-complete. - Get solution

Chapter #7 Solutions- Allan Weiss - Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in Java - 3rd Edition

7.1 Sort the sequence 3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6, 5 using insertion sort. - Get solution

7.2 What is the running time of insertion sort if all elements are equal? - Get solution

7.3 Suppose we exchange elements a[i] and a[i+k], which were originally out of order.
Prove that at least 1 and at most 2k − 1 inversions are removed. - Get solution

7.4 Show the result of running Shellsort on the input 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 using the increments {1, 3, 7}. - Get solution

7.5 a. What is the running time of Shellsort using the two-increment sequence {1, 2}?
b. Show that for any N, there exists a three-increment sequence such that Shellsort - Get solution

- Get solution

7.7 Prove that if a k-sorted file is then h-sorted, it remains k-sorted. - Sol. Not available

- Get solution

7.9 Determine the running time of Shellsort for
a. sorted input
b. reverse-ordered input - Get solution

7.10 Do either of the following modifications to the Shellsort routine coded in Figure 7.4
affect the worst-case running time?
a. Before line 11, subtract one from gap if it is even.
b. Before line 11, add one to gap if it is even. - Get solution

7.11 Show how heapsort processes the input 142, 543, 123, 65, 453, 879, 572, 434,
111, 242, 811, 102. - Get solution


7.13 Show that there are inputs that force every percolateDown in heapsort to go all the
way to a leaf. (Hint: Work backward.) - Get solution

7.14 Rewrite heapsort so that it sorts only items that are in the range low to high which
are passed as additional parameters.
Solution: If the root is stored in position low, then the left child of node i is stored at position 2i + 1 - low. This requires a small change to the heapsort code.

7.15 Sort 3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6 using mergesort. - Get solution

7.16 How would you implement mergesort without using recursion? - Get solution

7.17 Determine the running time of mergesort for
a. sorted input
b. reverse-ordered input
c. random input - Get solution

7.18 Sol. Not available

7.19 Sort 3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6, 5, 3, 5 using quicksort with median-of-three partitioning
and a cutoff of 3. - Get solution

7.20 Using the quicksort implementation in this chapter, determine the running time of
quicksort for
a. sorted input
b. reverse-ordered input
c. random input - Get solution

7.21 Repeat Exercise 7.20 when the pivot is chosen as
a. the first element
b. the larger of the first two distinct elements
c. a random element
d. the average of all elements in the set - Get solution

7.22 a. For the quicksort implementation in this chapter, what is the running time when
all keys are equal?
b. Suppose we change the partitioning strategy so that neither i nor j stops when
an element with the same key as the pivot is found. What fixes need to be made
in the code to guarantee that quicksort works, and what is the running time,
when all keys are equal?
c. Suppose we change the partitioning strategy so that i stops at an element with
the same key as the pivot, but j does not stop in a similar case. What fixes need
to be made in the code to guarantee that quicksort works, and when all keys are
equal, what is the running time of quicksort? - Get solution

7.23 Suppose we choose the element in the middle position of the array as the pivot.
Does this make it unlikely that quicksort will require quadratic time? - Get solution

7.24 Construct a permutation of 20 elements that is as bad as possible for quicksort using median-of-three partitioning and a cutoff of 3. - Get solution

7.26 Continuing from Exercise 7.25, after part (a),
a. Perform a test so that the smaller subarray is processed by the first recursive call,
while the larger subarray is processed by the second recursive call.
b. Remove the tail recursion by writing a while loop and altering left or right, as
necessary.
c. Prove that the number of recursive calls is logarithmic in the worst case. - Get solution

7.27 Suppose the recursive quicksort receives an int parameter, depth, from the driver
that is initially approximately 2 logN.
a. Modify the recursive quicksort to call heapsort on its current subarray if the level
of recursion has reached depth. (Hint: Decrement depth as you make recursive
calls; when it is 0, switch to heapsort.)
b. Prove that the worst-case running time of this algorithm is O(N logN).
c. Conduct experiments to determine how often heapsort gets called.
d. Implement this technique in conjunction with tail-recursion removal in Exercise 7.25.
e. Explain why the technique in Exercise 7.26 would no longer be needed. - Sol. 7.27 Not available

7.28 When implementing quicksort, if the array contains lots of duplicates, it may be better to perform a three-way partition (into elements less than, equal to, and greater than the pivot), to make smaller recursive calls. Assume three-way comparisons, as provided by the compareTo method.
a. Give an algorithm that performs a three-way in-place partition of an N-element subarray using only N − 1 three-way comparisons. If there are d items equal to the pivot, you may use d additional Comparable swaps, above and beyond the two-way partitioning algorithm. (Hint: As i and j move toward each other, maintain five groups of elements as shown below):
EQUAL SMALL UNKNOWN LARGE EQUAL
i j
b. Prove that using the algorithm above, sorting an N-element array that contains
only d different values, takes O(dN) time. - Get 7.28a Solution / Sol. 7.28. b. Not available

7.37 Consider the following algorithm for sorting six numbers:
Sort the first three numbers using Algorithm A.
Sort the second three numbers using Algorithm B.
Merge the two sorted groups using Algorithm C.
Show that this algorithm is suboptimal, regardless of the choices for Algorithms A,
B, and C. - Get solution

7.38 Write a program that reads N points in a plane and outputs any group of four
or more colinear points (i.e., points on the same line). The obvious brute-force
algorithm requires O(N4) time. However, there is a better algorithm that makes use
of sorting and runs in O(N2 logN) time. - Get solution

7.42 Give a linear-time algorithm to sort N fractions, each of whose numerators and denominators are integers between 1 and N. - Get solution

7.43 Suppose arrays A and B are both sorted and both contain N elements. Give an O(logN) algorithm to find the median of A ∪ B. - Get solution

7.44 Suppose you have an array of N elements containing only two distinct keys, true and false. Give an O(N) algorithm to rearrange the list so that all false elements precede the true elements. You may use only constant extra space. - Get solution

7.45 Suppose you have an array of N elements, containing three distinct keys, true, false, and maybe. Give an O(N) algorithm to rearrange the list so that all false elements precede maybe elements, which in turn precede true elements. You may use only constant extra space. - Get solution

7.46 a. Prove that any comparison-based algorithm to sort 4 elements requires 5 comparisons.
b. Give an algorithm to sort 4 elements in 5 comparisons. - Get solution

7.47 a. Prove that 7 comparisons are required to sort 5 elements using any comparison based
algorithm.
b. Give an algorithm to sort 5 elements with 7 comparisons. - Get solution

7.51 Suppose we implement the median of three routine as follows: Find the median of a[left], a[center], a[right], and swap it with a[right]. Proceed with the normal partitioning step starting i at left and j at right-1 (instead of left+1 and right-2).
a. Suppose the input is 2, 3, 4, . . . ,N −1,N, 1. For this input, what is the running time of this version of quicksort?
b. Suppose the input is in reverse order. For this input, what is the running time of this version of quicksort? - Get solution

7.52 Prove that any comparison-based sorting algorithm requires (N logN) comparisons on average. - Get solution

7.53 We are given an array that contains N numbers. We want to determine if there are two numbers whose sum equals a given number K. For instance, if the input is 8, 4, 1, 6, and K is 10, then the answer is yes (4 and 6). A number may be used twice.
Do the following:
a. Give an O(N2) algorithm to solve this problem.
b. Give an O(N logN) algorithm to solve this problem. (Hint: Sort the items first.
After that is done, you can solve the problem in linear time.)
c. Code both solutions and compare the running times of your algorithms. - Get solution

7.55 Repeat Exercise 7.53 for three numbers. Try to design an O(N2) algorithm. - Get solution

Chapter #6 Solutions - Allan Weiss - Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in Java - 3rd Edition

Available Solutions for the following Chapter 6 exercises:

6.1 Can both insert and findMin be implemented in constant time? - Get solution

6.2 a. Show the result of inserting 10, 12, 1, 14, 6, 5, 8, 15, 3, 9, 7, 4, 11, 13, and 2, one at a time, into an initially empty binary heap.
b. Show the result of using the linear-time algorithm to build a binary heap using the same input. - Get solution

6.3 Show the result of performing three deleteMin operations in the heap of the previous exercise. - Get solution

6.4 A complete binary tree of N elements uses array positions 1 to N. Suppose we try
to use an array representation of a binary tree that is not complete. Determine how
large the array must be for the following:
a. a binary tree that has two extra levels (that is, it is very slightly unbalanced)
b. a binary tree that has a deepest node at depth 2 logN
c. a binary tree that has a deepest node at depth 4.1 logN
d. the worst-case binary tree  - Get solution

6.5 Rewrite the BinaryHeap insert method by placing a reference to the inserted item in
position 0. - Get solution

6.6 How many nodes are in the large heap in Figure 6.13?  - Get solution

- Get 6.7 solution

- Get 6.9 solution

6.10 a. Give an algorithm to find all nodes less than some value, X, in a binary heap.
Your algorithm should run in O(K), where K is the number of nodes output.
b. Does your algorithm extend to any of the other heap structures discussed in this chapter?
c. Give an algorithm that finds an - Get solution


6.12 Write a program to take N elements and do the following:
a. Insert them into a heap one by one.
b. Build a heap in linear time. - Get solution

Compare the running time of both algorithms for sorted, reverse-ordered, and
random inputs.

6.13 Each deleteMin operation uses 2 logN comparisons in the worst case.
a. Propose a scheme so that the deleteMin operation uses only logN + log logN +
O(1) comparisons between elements. This need not imply less data movement.
b. Extend your scheme in part (a) so that only logN + log log logN + O(1)
comparisons are performed.
c. How far can you take this idea?
d. Do the savings in comparisons compensate for the increased complexity of your algorithm?  - Get solution

6.14 If a d-heap is stored as an array, for an entry located in position i, where are the parents and children? - Get solution

6.15 Suppose we need to perform M percolateUps and N deleteMins on a d-heap that initially has N elements.
a. What is the total running time of all operations in terms of M, N, and d?
b. If d = 2, what is the running time of all heap operations?
c. If d = (N), what is the total running time?
d. What choice of d minimizes the total running time? - Get solution

6.16 Suppose that binary heaps are represented using explicit links. Give a simple algorithm to find the tree node that is at implicit position i. - Get solution

6.17 Suppose that binary heaps are represented using explicit links. Consider the problem of merging binary heap lhs with rhs. Assume both heaps are perfect binary
trees, containing 2l − 1 and 2r − 1 nodes, respectively.
a. Give an O(logN) algorithm to merge the two heaps if l = r.
b. Give an O(logN) algorithm to merge the two heaps if |l − r| = 1.
c. Give an O(log2 N) algorithm to merge the two heaps regardless of l and r. - Get solution


6.19 Merge the two leftist heaps in Figure 6.58. - Get solution

6.20 Show the result of inserting keys 1 to 15 in order into an initially empty leftist heap. - Get solution

6.21 Prove or disprove: A perfectly balanced tree forms if keys 1 to 2k − 1 are inserted in order into an initially empty leftist heap. - Get solution


6.22 Give an example of input that generates the best leftist heap. - Get solution

6.23 a. Can leftist heaps efficiently support decreaseKey?
b. What changes, if any (if possible), are required to do this? - Get solution

6.24 One way to delete nodes from a known position in a leftist heap is to use a lazy strategy. To delete a node, merely mark it deleted. When a findMin or deleteMin is performed, there is a potential problem if the root is marked deleted, since then the node has to be actually deleted and the real minimum needs to be found, which may involve deleting other marked nodes. In this strategy, deletes cost one unit, but the cost of a deleteMin or findMin depends on the number of nodes that are marked deleted. Suppose that after a deleteMin or findMin there are k fewer marked nodes than before the operation.
a. Show how to perform the deleteMin in O(k logN) time.
b. Propose an implementation, with an analysis to show that the time to perform the deleteMin is O(k log(2N/k)). - Get solution

6.25 We can perform buildHeap in linear time for leftist heaps by considering each
element as a one-node leftist heap, placing all these heaps on a queue, and performing
the following step: Until only one heap is on the queue, dequeue two
heaps, merge them, and enqueue the result.
a. Prove that this algorithm is O(N) in the worst case.
b. Why might this algorithm be preferable to the algorithm described in the text? - Get solution

6.26 Merge the two skew heaps in Figure 6.58. - Get solution

6.27 Show the result of inserting keys 1 to 15 in order into a skew heap. - Get solution

6.28 Prove or disprove: A perfectly balanced tree forms if the keys 1 to 2k−1 are inserted in order into an initially empty skew heap. - Get solution

6.29 A skew heap of N elements can be built using the standard binary heap algorithm.
Can we use the same merging strategy described in Exercise 6.25 for skew heaps to get an O(N) running time? - Get solution

6.30 Prove that a binomial tree Bk has binomial trees B0, B1, . . . , Bk−1 as children of the
root. - Get solution

6.31 Prove that a binomial tree of height k has kd nodes at depth d. - Get solution

6.32 Merge the two binomial queues in Figure 6.59. - Get solution

6.33 a. Show that N inserts into an initially empty binomial queue takes O(N) time in the worst case.
b. Give an algorithm to build a binomial queue of N elements, using at most N−1 comparisons between elements.
c. Propose an algorithm to insert M nodes into a binomial queue of N elements in O(M + logN) worst-case time. Prove your bound. - Get solution

6.38 Suppose we want to add the decreaseAllKeys() operation to the heap repertoire.
The result of this operation is that all keys in the heap have their value decreased by an amount. For the heap implementation of your choice, explain the necessary modifications so that all other  operations retain their running times and decreaseAllKeys runs in O(1). - Get solution

6.39 Which of the two selection algorithms has the better time bound? - Get solution

Chapter #5 Solutions- Allan Weiss - Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in Java - 3rd Edition

5.1 Given input {4371, 1323, 6173, 4199, 4344, 9679, 1989} and a hash function
h(x) = x mod 10, show the resulting:
a. Separate chaining hash table.
b. Hash table using linear probing.
c. Hash table using quadratic probing.
d. Hash table with second hash function h2(x) = 7 − (x mod 7). Get solution

5.2 Show the result of rehashing the hash tables in Exercise 5.1.   Get solution

5.4 A large number of deletions in a separate chaining hash table can cause the table to be fairly empty, which wastes space. In this case, we can rehash to a table half as large. Assume that we rehash to a larger table when there are twice as many elements as the table size. How empty should the table be before we rehash to a smaller table? Get solution

5.5 Reimplement separate chaining hash tables using singly linked lists instead of using
java.util.LinkedList.  Get solution

5.6 The isEmpty routine for quadratic probing has not been written. Can you implement
it by returning the expression currentSize==0?

Sol: No; this does not take deletions into account.

5.7 In the quadratic probing hash table, suppose that instead of inserting a new item into the location suggested by findPos, we insert it into the first inactive cell on the search path (thus, it is possible to reclaim a cell that is marked “deleted,” potentially saving space).
a. Rewrite the insertion algorithm to use this observation. Do this by having find-
Pos maintain, with an additional variable, the location of the first inactive cell it
encounters. (Solution Not available)
b. Explain the circumstances under which the revised algorithm is faster than the
original algorithm. Can it be slower?

Sol:  If the number of deleted cells is small, then we spend extra time looking for inactive cells that are not likely to be found. If the number of deleted cells is large, then we may get improvement.

5.8 Suppose instead of quadratic probing, we use “cubic probing”; here the ith probe
is at hash(x) + i3. Does cubic probing improve on quadratic probing?  Get solution

5.9 The hash function in Figure 5.4 makes repeated calls to key.length( ) in the for
loop. Is it worth computing this once prior to entering the loop?
Sol: In a good library implementation, the length method should be inlined.

5.10 What are the advantages and disadvantages of the various collision resolution
strategies?  Get solution

5.12 Rehashing requires recomputing the hash function for all items in the hash table.
Since computing the hash function is expensive, suppose objects provide a hash member function of their own, and each object stores the result in an additional data member the first time the hash function is computed for it. Show how such a scheme would apply for the Employee class in Figure 5.8, and explain under what circumstances the remembered hash value remains valid in each Employee.
Sol: The old values would remain valid if the hashed values were less than the old table size.

5.13 Write a program to implement the following strategy for multiplying two sparse polynomials P1, P2 of size M and N, respectively. Each polynomial is represented as a linked list of objects consisting of a coefficient and an exponent (Exercise 3.12).
We multiply each term in P1 by a term in P2 for a total of MN operations. One method is to sort these terms and combine like terms, but this requires sorting MN records, which could be expensive, especially in small-memory environments.
Alternatively, we could merge terms as they are computed and then sort the result.
a. Write a program to implement the alternative strategy.
b. If the output polynomial has about O(M + N) terms, what is the running time
of both methods?  Get solution

5.14 Describe a procedure that avoids initializing a hash table (at the expense of
memory).  Get solution

5.16 Java 7 adds syntax that allows a switch statement to work with the String type
(instead of the primitive integer types). Explain how hash tables can be used by the
compiler to implement this language addition.  Get solution


5.19 Under certain assumptions, the expected cost of an insertion into a hash table with
secondary clustering is given by 1/(1−λ)−λ−ln(1−λ). Unfortunately, this formula
is not accurate for quadratic probing. However, assuming that it is, determine the
following:
a. The expected cost of an unsuccessful search.
b. The expected cost of a successful search.   Get solution

5.20 Implement a generic Map that supports the put and get operations. The implementation
will store a hash table of pairs (key, definition). Figure 5.55 provides the Map
specification (minus some details).  Get solution

Get 5.22 solution

5.23 If a hopscotch table with parameter MAX_DIST has load factor 0.5, what is the
approximate probability that an insertion requires a rehash?   Get solution

Chapter #4 Solutions- Allan Weiss - Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in Java - 3rd Edition

Available Solutions for the following Chapter 4 exercises:

Questions 4.1 to 4.3 refer to the tree in Figure 4.70.
4.1 For the tree in Figure 4.70:
a. Which node is the root?
b. Which nodes are leaves?   Get solution

4.2 For each node in the tree of Figure 4.70:
a. Name the parent node.
b. List the children.
c. List the siblings.
d. Compute the depth.
e. Compute the height.  Get solution


4.3 What is the depth of the tree in Figure 4.70?
Sol: 4.

4.4 Show that in a binary tree of N nodes, there are N + 1 null links representing children. Get solution

4.8 Give the prefix, infix, and postfix expressions corresponding to the tree in Figure 4.71. Get solution


4.9 a. Show the result of inserting 3, 1, 4, 6, 9, 2, 5, 7 into an initially empty binary search tree.
b. Show the result of deleting the root. Get solution


4.10 Write a program that lists all files in a directory and their sizes. Mimic the routine in the online code.   Get solution


4.11 Write an implementation of the TreeSet class, with associated iterators using a
binary search tree. Add to each node a link to the parent node.   Get solution


4.13 Write an implementation of the TreeSet class, with associated iterators, using a
binary search tree. Add to each node a link to the next smallest and next largest
node. To make your code simpler, add a header and tail node which are not part of
the binary search tree, but help make the linked list part of the code simpler.    Get solution


4.14 Suppose you want to perform an experiment to verify the problems that can be caused by random insert/remove pairs. Here is a strategy that is not perfectly random,but close enough. You build a tree with N elements by inserting N elements chosen at random from the range 1 to M = αN. You then perform N2 pairs of insertions followed by deletions. Assume the existence of a routine, randomInteger(a, b), which returns a uniform random integer between a and b inclusive.
a. Explain how to generate a random integer between 1 and M that is not alreadyin the tree (so a random insertion can be performed). In terms of N and α, what is the running time of this operation?
b. Explain how to generate a random integer between 1 and M that is already in the tree (so a random deletion can be performed). What is the running time of this operation?
c. What is a good choice of α? Why?   Get solution


4.18 a. Give a precise expression for the minimum number of nodes in an AVL tree of
height h.
b. What is the minimum number of nodes in an AVL tree of height 15?   Get solution


4.19 Show the result of inserting 2, 1, 4, 5, 9, 3, 6, 7 into an initially empty AVL tree.  Get solution

Get 4.20 solution

4.21 Write the remaining procedures to implement AVL single and double rotations.  Get solution

4.24 Show that the deletion algorithm in Figure 4.44 is correct, and explain what happens if > is used instead of >= at lines 32 and 38 in Figure 4.39. - Get solution

4.25 a. How many bits are required per node to store the height of a node in an N-node
AVL tree?
b. What is the smallest AVL tree that overflows an 8-bit height counter?   Get solution


4.26 Write the methods to perform the double rotation without the inefficiency of doing two single rotations. Get solution


4.27 Show the result of accessing the keys 3, 9, 1, 5 in order in the splay tree in Figure 4.72.  Get solution


4.28 Show the result of deleting the element with key 6 in the resulting splay tree for the
previous exercise.  Get solution

b. Show that if all nodes in a splay tree are accessed in sequential order, then the
total access time is O(N), regardless of the initial tree.  Get solution


4.31 Write efficient methods that take only a reference to the root of a binary tree, T, and
compute:
a. The number of nodes in T.
b. The number of leaves in T.
c. The number of full nodes in T.
What is the running time of your routines?     Get solution


4.32 Design a recursive linear-time algorithm that tests whether a binary tree satisfies the search tree order property at every node.   Get solution


4.33 Write a recursive method that takes a reference to the root node of a tree T and returns a reference to the root node of the tree that results from removing all leaves from T.  Get solution


4.34 Write a method to generate an N-node random binary search tree with distinct keys 1 through N. What is the running time of your routine?  Get solution


4.35 Write a method to generate the AVL tree of height h with fewest nodes. What is the running time of your method?   Get solution

Get 4.36 solution

4.37 Write a method that takes as input a binary search tree, T, and two keys k1 and k2, which are ordered so that k1 ≤ k2, and prints all elements X in the tree such that k1 ≤ Key(X) ≤ k2. Do not assume any information about the type of keys except that they can be ordered (consistently). Your program should run in O(K + logN) average time, where K is the number of keys printed. Bound the running time of your algorithm.  Get solution


4.38 The larger binary trees in this chapter were generated automatically by a program.
This was done by assigning an (x, y) coordinate to each tree node, drawing a circle around each coordinate (this is hard to see in some pictures), and connecting each node to its parent. Assume you have a binary search tree stored in memory (perhaps generated by one of the routines above) and that each node has two extra fields to store the coordinates.
a. The x coordinate can be computed by assigning the inorder traversal number.
Write a routine to do this for each node in the tree.
b. The y coordinate can be computed by using the negative of the depth of the node. Write a routine to do this for each node in the tree.
c. In terms of some imaginary unit, what will the dimensions of the picture be?
How can you adjust the units so that the tree is always roughly two-thirds as high as it is wide?   
d. Prove that using this system no lines cross, and that for any node, X, all elements in X’s left subtree appear to the left of X and all elements in X’s right subtree appear to the right of X.   Get solution


4.44 Show how the tree in Figure 4.73 is represented using a child/sibling link  implementation.  Get solution

4.46 Two binary trees are similar if they are both empty or both nonempty and have
similar left and right subtrees. Write a method to decide whether two binary trees
are similar. What is the running time of your method?   Get solution


4.48 a. Show that via AVL single rotations, any binary search tree T1 can be transformed into another search tree T2 (with the same items).
b. Give an algorithm to perform this transformation using O(N logN) rotations on average.
c. Show that this transformation can be done with O(N) rotations, worst case.  Get solution


4.49 Suppose we want to add the operation findKth to our repertoire. The operation findKth(k) returns the kth smallest item in the tree. Assume all items are distinct.
Explain how to modify the binary search tree to support this operation in O(logN) average time, without sacrificing the time bounds of any other operation.  Get solution


4.50 Since a binary search tree with N nodes has N + 1 null references, half the space allocated in a binary search tree for link information is wasted. Suppose that if a node has a null left child, we make its left child link to its inorder predecessor, and if a node has a null right child, we make its right child link to its inorder successor.This is known as a threaded tree, and the extra links are called threads.
a. How can we distinguish threads from real children links? Sol: You need an extra bit for each thread.

c. What is the advantage of using threaded trees?   Sol:  You can do tree traversals somewhat easier and without recursion. The disadvantage is that it reeks of old-style hacking.

IX: {Series |(} {2}
IX: {Series!geometric|(} {4}
IX: {Euler’s constant} {4}
IX: {Series!geometric|)} {4}
IX: {Series!arithmetic|(} {4}
IX: {Series!arithmetic|)} {5}
IX: {Series!harmonic|(} {5}
IX: {Euler’s constant} {5}
IX: {Series!harmonic|)} {5}
IX: {Series|)} {5}    Get solution